Customer Service and Design Alternative Courses free essay sample

Case 1. TECSMART ELECTRONICS Identify the issue: Formulate destinations: Design elective blueprints: Analysis of the ACA: a. favorable circumstances b. downsides Conclusion: Recommendation: Case 2. Could SIX SIGMA WORK IN HEALTH CARE? Distinguish the issue: New culturein the medical clinic Formulate destinations:  · To have the option to make it simple to workers and all staffs the new structure to be utilized.  · Design elective blueprints: Analysis of the ACA: a. points of interest b. downsides Conclusion: Recommendation: Case 3. TOYOTA MOTO CORPORATION, LTD. Recognize the issue: Losing quality items. Figure goals:  · To have the option to consitently give quality items.  · To have the option to recapture quality edge. Structure elective strategies:  · Inspect each procedure in the creation framework to guarantee conveyance of value items to clients. Examination of the ACA: a. Points of interest:  · High quality items.  · Customers fulfillment to items. b. Disadvantages:  · Costly  · Time-expending Conclusion: Toyota turned into its very own casualty achievement. In view of its concentration in turning into the main car creator on the planet, it influenced its item quality. We will compose a custom paper test on Client care and Design Alternative Courses or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Clients started to confront security related issues in Toyota vehicles. Toyota had relinquished its amazing quality and overlooked its own administration standards and clients. Suggestion: I would prescribe them to overlook their own pride in having their own standards and the board, on the off chance that it will lead them to a low quality items and unsatisfied clients. It is acceptable in the event that they would concentrate on giving quality and consistently direct a review before parting with items to client to guarantee quality. Case 4. THE NIGHTMARE ON TELECOM STREET Identify the issue: Inefficient client support framework. Plan targets:  · To have the option to improve cutomer administration experience.  · To have the option to offer quality assistance to clients.  · To have the option to offer proficient support.  · To have the option to give quick exchange. Structure elective game-plan:  · Recreate the client care framework  · Hire extra client assistance delegates to engage calls Analysis of the ACA: a. Points of interest:  · Customer fulfillment to proficient help.  · The more the employess, the more people can encourage clients need to engage their requirements and concerns. b. Downsides:  · More expense is carried by the firm.  · Time-devouring. End: In request to fulfill clients should be engage, the firm is in a need of new representatives. As a client myself, I likewise get pissed of to frameworks like this since it is very tedious. Proposal: I would strongly prescribe to enlist more representatives all together for the clients should be engage earnestly and proficiently. On the off chance that it is conceivable to change the framework, it is greatly improved.

Strategic Marketing Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Key Marketing Plan - Case Study Example From its unassuming beginnings in 1980, Applebee International, Inc. has ascended to turn into the biggest easygoing feasting café network in the United States dependent on size, piece of the overall industry, and income. Applebee is established by Bill and TJ Palmer with their first café TJ Applebee's Rx for Edibles and Elixirs changing the name to Applebee's Neighborhood Grill and Bar in 1986. After two years, franchisees Abe Gustin and John Hamra purchased the rights to the Applebee's idea from W.T. Elegance. With the quest for its development procedure, Applebee International is built up, developing into 54 eateries in 1998 when it opened for diversifying Today, Applebee works 1, 900 easygoing eating cafés everywhere throughout the world working with the dedication of giving appealing, agreeable, neighborhood foundation highlighting respectably evaluated, top notch food and refreshment things, table assistance and an agreeable environment that addresses all ages (Company Overv iew, 2007). Applebee's worldwide activity is headquartered in Overland Park, Kansas. The United States is the organization's biggest market where creates and works 1,841 cafés inside 49 states and one U.S. region while it additionally has 89 cafés in 16 worldwide provinces. Of the 1,900 eatery networks on the planet, 1,409 (74%) are diversified worked leaving just 521 (26%) cafés in its sole administration. Having some expertise in easygoing feasting, Applebee eateries offer lunch and supper comprised of courses of meat, chicken, pork, fish and pasta dishes, sweets and hors d'oeuvres which the organization changes occasionally in light of the supporters' preferences and inclinations. (Quick reality, 2007). The cost of a normal dinner is $11. Beside giving eat in administrations, it additionally acquaints Carside With Go which permits clients to devour their requests outside the store premises. Perceiving the commotion for a more advantageous way of life, it has collaborated with Weight Watchers International in offering the Weight Watchers choices. Geologically, it has the little market portion in country territories under 25,000 in populace while cornering bigger market sections in the urban communities. (Horovitz, 2003). Under the authority of Lloyd L. Slope, who became CEO in 1998, the organization has posted positive net profit, in spite of a fluctuating development pattern altogether working incomes in the previous ten years (Hoovers, 2007). The organization's activities are gathered into three business divisions: 1. Organization café deals which is contained the deals of food and drinks; 2. Establishment eminences and charges from its franchisees (establishment sovereignty are commonly 4% of the establishment eatery's month to month net deals while establishment expenses are normally

Organizational Change and Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Authoritative Change and Theory Paper Essay Authoritative Change and Theory Paper Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â The part of overseeing authoritative change is exceptionally essential to some random association. Hierarchical change is the execution of new advancements and methodology with a point of realigning the association to the changing requests of the firm or advantage from on the business openings. The reason for this paper is to dissect how usage of new innovation of modernized graphing was adequately overseen in the clinic.  â â â â â â â â â â Nurses need to manage the new difference in mechanized diagramming however it is not really another innovation. Be that as it may, a few PC-tested medicinal services specialists have taken unmistakable fascination to get acquainted with this new strategy to understanding data the executives. Taking enthusiasm to build individual abilities and attractiveness just as being proactive is probably going to impact the nursing profession in a positive way. Ongoing examination discoveries show that more establishments are putting resources into catching information by electronic methods. The keys to automated diagramming in present day advertise, there are different programming sellers and choices to browse. In the workplace I utilize epic PC programming. The utilization of electronic methods is overpowering from the outset, however an individual gets used to with time. It is greatly improved contrasted with paper outlining (Richards Keogh, 2008).  â â â â â â â â â â Many wellbeing experts inclined how to function with epic programming in their first day of direction. There is a great deal of progress since most medical caretakers can enter their requests themselves. The epic programming will empower all the medical attendants in the establishment to utilize the framework from the essential triage to release from inpatient. Be that as it may, there are some hatred about the framework since certain medical caretakers think that its wasteful asserting that the framework crashes down every now and again for a few hours. Others think that its exceptionally hard to utilize particularly to the attendants taking a shot at the quick reaction offices and it’s a test to take a shot at a patients without their clinical narratives, hypersensitivities, systems and medications. The emergency clinic adapts to this issue by having reinforcement framework. There are likewise PC centers where all medical attendants can prin t up their outline, however it is additionally a tight spot to be utilized by the whole emergency clinic (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573).  â â â â â â â â â â The epic program is extremely compelling when it is working since medical caretakers can enter their advancement notes and requests. The other issue that the clinic needs to manage is that there is high likelihood of medical caretakers tapping an inappropriate requests. The other issue is that occasionally the framework is excessively moderate. The attendants are asked to been with the framework and have explicit method for entering singular requests for simple distinguishing proof since a single tick on the framework shows a lot of requests. In any case, medical caretakers are offered chance to get to any patient’s request from anyplace at some random time since they can utilize epic framework simultaneously (Retrieved from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-PC program-280071.html).  â â â â â â â â â â The hospital’s IT office has given enough memory and huge servers which is a huge move. This empowers the medical caretakers to make their own requests adequately without the framework breakdown or getting excessively moderate. The epic framework may be convoluted from the outset since certain medical caretakers think that its hard to find their stream sheets. The medical caretakers who got used to the framework can program their preferred stream sheets which make it easy for the attendant to make sure to fill them later. The establishment has dealt with this change likewise by altering the framework as per their requirements. In the epic programming many stream sheets are connected to such an extent that if nurture archive significant requests in a single spot, they will show up in each pertinent stream sheet where those requests are required (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573). Ð ¼Numerous cases uncover that it isn't in every case simple to oversee viable hierarchical change, in this manner associations should discover the potential reasons for the disappointment. There are a great deal of changes happening over the globe. The progressions go from increment in rivalry, changes in client inclinations just as changes in innovation. Associations are required to make new favorable circumstances, serve clients better and adapt to hardened rivalry. To remain serious, associations are required to forsake the work and procedures that are not productive or those that don't enhance the organization. As the medical caretaker head I urge and offer help to the attendants who are not used to the epic programming (Richards Keogh, 2008).  â â â â â â â â â â The epic programming has different clear favorable circumstances. The framework can be made compelling by visit preparing of the medical attendants on the best way to program their stream sheets, the IT division ought to likewise guarantee that there is sufficient memory and huge server; the foundation ought to likewise modify the epic programming as indicated by the necessities of our patients. I would likewise suggest that the stream sheets ought to be sorted out in a proper way; the hues may be utilized to arrange the stream sheets in a predominant way. These alternatives will make the epic framework to be easy to understand (Richards Keogh, 2008). Taking everything into account, change the executives is critical in each foundation. The medical attendants will profit by different favorable circumstances connected to epic programming since they will have the option to enter their own requests. Automated graphing is better when contrasted with paper outlining. Foundations are called upon to give preparing and direction to the medical caretakers so they can get acquainted with this new change. Enough memory and enormous servers empower the framework to be quick and maintain a strategic distance from framework breakdown. References Outlining made amazingly simple! (fourth ed.). (2010). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. EPIC Computer Program. (n.d.). Answers Articles and Jobs for Nurses and Nursing Students RSS. Recovered June 18, 2014, from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-PC program-280071.html Medscape Log In. (n.d.). Medscape Log In. Recovered June 18, 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573 Richards, J., Keogh, J. E. (2008). Clinical outlining demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill. Source record

Operations Management Coursework - 3300 Words

Operations Management (Coursework Sample) Content: Operations ManagementYour nameCourse nameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameDate of submissionAbstractOperations management and organizational improvement is one of the basic and most important disciplines in the contemporary business world. The discipline cuts across pertinent issues that are important for the success of an organization in its attempt to gain competitive edge in different industries it operates. Some of the fundamental topics under this discipline include inventory management, quality management, and supply chain strategy (Walter Esper, 2014). Organizations can be categorized into two major types; that is either service organizations or manufacturing organizations. The application of inventory management, quality management, and quality management practices is different depending on the nature of the industry an organization is operating in. Differentiating factors of the two industries such as tangibility of goods, location, and inventory result to the cont rasts in inventory, quality, and supply chain management of the service and manufacturing organizations. This paper aims at examining different aspects by comparing them between the service and the manufacturing industry.Operations ManagementIntroductionService organizations and manufacturing firms have differences in terms of their operations and how management of their various activities. However, there exist similarities between the two industries because the both aim at maximizing profits and some processes are similar. The distinguishing factors of a service and a manufacturing firm are such as tangibility of goods, flexibility of operation, location of business, and inventory management practices. These factors lead to the contrasts between manufacturing organizations and service industry in inventory, quality, and supply chain management approaches.Inventory managementAccording to Anderson (2013), inventory management is the process of monitoring the flow of services and prod ucts in and out of a firm to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in production. Inventory management techniques are adopted according to the nature of an organization and the type of its services and products. This management practice differs in different firms depending on whether an organization is a service or manufacturing oriented firm. Companies apply inventory management practices in making purchase orders, generating invoices, providing receipts for received items, and managing inventory and stocks they acquire. The term inventory is always used by many scholars in reference to the manufacturing organizations only. Inventory is usually defined as the raw materials and goods that a company holds for them to sell at a future date and gain profits (Piasecki, 2009). However, the dynamics of business are changing and the service industry also practices inventory management. The service industry inventory is not directly defined as it is in the manufacturing firms. In service comp anies for instance, in the health sector, the patients waiting from the emergency are termed as the inventory. To manage such inventory, the health care facility is faced with a challenge of serving more people promptly for them overcome the outcomes of poor inventory management practice. This results to a debate as to whether it is appropriate to call humans inventory.To understand the contrast and the comparisons of inventory management approaches between a service and a manufacturing organization, it is important to note the differences between the two types of organizations. In a service providing company, there is concurrent production and utilization. This means the producer gives the service while the consumer derives utility instantaneously. A good example is at the barber shop or the beautician where as the barber is shaving the client, he is giving the service while the customer is consuming. In the case of a manufacturing firm this different because consumption and produc tion happen at different times and places (Water, 2011). Another important distinction between the two firms is the intangibility aspect. The service industry produces intangible products for the clients such as accommodation, transport, and massages. On the hand, a manufacturing business provides their clients with tangible products in most cases. Such products include clothes, vehicles, electronics, and food staffs among others. Manufacturing firms produce products that are tangible. Clients in the service industry access a wide variety of services while the manufacturing firms offer goods with insignificant variations because of the different place of production with the clients. There is high variability while delivering service in the service industry while in the manufacturing business service variability is minimal.In the service business, inventory is characterized by the intangible goods. However, inventory for services industry may involve some tangible products as invento ry. Inventory in most cases is assumed to be the finished products kept in the stores (Piasecki, 2009). Inventory is best described as anything from the raw materials used in the production process to the ultimate product. A service organization such as the hospitality sector may have inventory in form drinks and foods. This is similar to the manufacturing firms. The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bar manager will keep track of the drinks in inventory and the drinks consumed. By doing this, the manager will be practicing inventory management. Similarly, the chefs and the kitchen staffs have to observe keen inventory management by monitoring the food stores to ensure enough ingredients for the meals and also to ensure inventory is not kept in excess to avoid wastages due rotting. Accommodation is another famous service industry that observes its inventory. However, in accommodation inventory is different compared to the manufacturing firms. A good example of inventory for the accommodation secto r is the guestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rooms. Rooms not booked in the hotel are regarded as inventory. The difference with the manufacturing business is that the guests cannot carry the rooms along with them. The hotel administration considers a good inventory management when all the rooms are occupied with the right rates and the right capacity. In the case where a room for two is occupied by one, then that inventory is underutilized while in case the room has more than the capacity then the inventory is overstretched and this for expansion of the hotel. Inventory management in the service organizations is also perceived in terms of monetary instruments. This is applicable mostly where is not readily obvious. In such a scenario then the monetary instruments and the accounts become the inventory for the particular service industry. But an account is not established until the customer makes payment and that is when an account is made and the transaction effected instantaneously (Water, 2011). Th e banking industry and financial institutions also have aspects of inventory management in their service provision activities. An example is the money they lend to their clients can be termed as inventory. This is because such money is prevented from conducting other capital investment of the bank and instead transferred to the borrowers account. In medical services, human beings are at times considered as inventory. This analogy may receive a number of critics, but a hospital that keeps many patients waiting at the emergency rooms implies that they lack sufficient inventory of manpower. Manufacturing firms are characterized with inventory and buffers while service businesses inventory may take the form of virtual inventory such clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ requests for service and customers waiting for a service to be provided like in the case of patients in a health care facility. Customers of a service organization have interaction with the service provider as the service must exist with the service provider simultaneously. This makes the issue of inventory management in a service industry be complex as opposed to the conventional inventory in manufacturing companies. Production firms have tangible stocks and the manufacturing process may not include the ultimate consumer instantly. This makes the aspect of inventory management more pronounced and well structured in a manufacturing company where the inventories are managed from their state as raw materials, to finished goods, and until they make the final sale to the consumer.Quality ManagementScholars have invested in the field of quality management and several researches conducted in both service and manufacturing quality management. In Hoyle (2011), quality management is described as management activities employed to establish an inclusive structure of constant development of all the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s activities. To achieve sustainable quality management firms have to plan, take an action, evaluate the actions, a nd document the results of the process. Customers are becoming more rational and they are exposed to variety of substitute goods which makes the demand for quality products and services. Competition among businesses is also one of the major factors that have led to firms considering quality management as one of the most important strategies in case they want to achieve a competitive edge in the industry and meet their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Both service organizations and manufacturing companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ objective is to provide goods and service that lead to customer satisfaction. Satisfying customers needs leads to customer loyalty, and attraction of new potential clients which makes the revenues of a business to increase. Customer satisfaction also helps organizations gain competitive advantage in service delivery or production of goods. It is for this reason that both the manufacturing and the service industry are adopting the new trend of en... Operations Management Coursework - 3300 Words Operations Management (Coursework Sample) Content: Operations ManagementYour nameCourse nameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameDate of submissionAbstractOperations management and organizational improvement is one of the basic and most important disciplines in the contemporary business world. The discipline cuts across pertinent issues that are important for the success of an organization in its attempt to gain competitive edge in different industries it operates. Some of the fundamental topics under this discipline include inventory management, quality management, and supply chain strategy (Walter Esper, 2014). Organizations can be categorized into two major types; that is either service organizations or manufacturing organizations. The application of inventory management, quality management, and quality management practices is different depending on the nature of the industry an organization is operating in. Differentiating factors of the two industries such as tangibility of goods, location, and inventory result to the cont rasts in inventory, quality, and supply chain management of the service and manufacturing organizations. This paper aims at examining different aspects by comparing them between the service and the manufacturing industry.Operations ManagementIntroductionService organizations and manufacturing firms have differences in terms of their operations and how management of their various activities. However, there exist similarities between the two industries because the both aim at maximizing profits and some processes are similar. The distinguishing factors of a service and a manufacturing firm are such as tangibility of goods, flexibility of operation, location of business, and inventory management practices. These factors lead to the contrasts between manufacturing organizations and service industry in inventory, quality, and supply chain management approaches.Inventory managementAccording to Anderson (2013), inventory management is the process of monitoring the flow of services and prod ucts in and out of a firm to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in production. Inventory management techniques are adopted according to the nature of an organization and the type of its services and products. This management practice differs in different firms depending on whether an organization is a service or manufacturing oriented firm. Companies apply inventory management practices in making purchase orders, generating invoices, providing receipts for received items, and managing inventory and stocks they acquire. The term inventory is always used by many scholars in reference to the manufacturing organizations only. Inventory is usually defined as the raw materials and goods that a company holds for them to sell at a future date and gain profits (Piasecki, 2009). However, the dynamics of business are changing and the service industry also practices inventory management. The service industry inventory is not directly defined as it is in the manufacturing firms. In service comp anies for instance, in the health sector, the patients waiting from the emergency are termed as the inventory. To manage such inventory, the health care facility is faced with a challenge of serving more people promptly for them overcome the outcomes of poor inventory management practice. This results to a debate as to whether it is appropriate to call humans inventory.To understand the contrast and the comparisons of inventory management approaches between a service and a manufacturing organization, it is important to note the differences between the two types of organizations. In a service providing company, there is concurrent production and utilization. This means the producer gives the service while the consumer derives utility instantaneously. A good example is at the barber shop or the beautician where as the barber is shaving the client, he is giving the service while the customer is consuming. In the case of a manufacturing firm this different because consumption and produc tion happen at different times and places (Water, 2011). Another important distinction between the two firms is the intangibility aspect. The service industry produces intangible products for the clients such as accommodation, transport, and massages. On the hand, a manufacturing business provides their clients with tangible products in most cases. Such products include clothes, vehicles, electronics, and food staffs among others. Manufacturing firms produce products that are tangible. Clients in the service industry access a wide variety of services while the manufacturing firms offer goods with insignificant variations because of the different place of production with the clients. There is high variability while delivering service in the service industry while in the manufacturing business service variability is minimal.In the service business, inventory is characterized by the intangible goods. However, inventory for services industry may involve some tangible products as invento ry. Inventory in most cases is assumed to be the finished products kept in the stores (Piasecki, 2009). Inventory is best described as anything from the raw materials used in the production process to the ultimate product. A service organization such as the hospitality sector may have inventory in form drinks and foods. This is similar to the manufacturing firms. The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bar manager will keep track of the drinks in inventory and the drinks consumed. By doing this, the manager will be practicing inventory management. Similarly, the chefs and the kitchen staffs have to observe keen inventory management by monitoring the food stores to ensure enough ingredients for the meals and also to ensure inventory is not kept in excess to avoid wastages due rotting. Accommodation is another famous service industry that observes its inventory. However, in accommodation inventory is different compared to the manufacturing firms. A good example of inventory for the accommodation secto r is the guestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rooms. Rooms not booked in the hotel are regarded as inventory. The difference with the manufacturing business is that the guests cannot carry the rooms along with them. The hotel administration considers a good inventory management when all the rooms are occupied with the right rates and the right capacity. In the case where a room for two is occupied by one, then that inventory is underutilized while in case the room has more than the capacity then the inventory is overstretched and this for expansion of the hotel. Inventory management in the service organizations is also perceived in terms of monetary instruments. This is applicable mostly where is not readily obvious. In such a scenario then the monetary instruments and the accounts become the inventory for the particular service industry. But an account is not established until the customer makes payment and that is when an account is made and the transaction effected instantaneously (Water, 2011). Th e banking industry and financial institutions also have aspects of inventory management in their service provision activities. An example is the money they lend to their clients can be termed as inventory. This is because such money is prevented from conducting other capital investment of the bank and instead transferred to the borrowers account. In medical services, human beings are at times considered as inventory. This analogy may receive a number of critics, but a hospital that keeps many patients waiting at the emergency rooms implies that they lack sufficient inventory of manpower. Manufacturing firms are characterized with inventory and buffers while service businesses inventory may take the form of virtual inventory such clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ requests for service and customers waiting for a service to be provided like in the case of patients in a health care facility. Customers of a service organization have interaction with the service provider as the service must exist with the service provider simultaneously. This makes the issue of inventory management in a service industry be complex as opposed to the conventional inventory in manufacturing companies. Production firms have tangible stocks and the manufacturing process may not include the ultimate consumer instantly. This makes the aspect of inventory management more pronounced and well structured in a manufacturing company where the inventories are managed from their state as raw materials, to finished goods, and until they make the final sale to the consumer.Quality ManagementScholars have invested in the field of quality management and several researches conducted in both service and manufacturing quality management. In Hoyle (2011), quality management is described as management activities employed to establish an inclusive structure of constant development of all the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s activities. To achieve sustainable quality management firms have to plan, take an action, evaluate the actions, a nd document the results of the process. Customers are becoming more rational and they are exposed to variety of substitute goods which makes the demand for quality products and services. Competition among businesses is also one of the major factors that have led to firms considering quality management as one of the most important strategies in case they want to achieve a competitive edge in the industry and meet their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Both service organizations and manufacturing companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ objective is to provide goods and service that lead to customer satisfaction. Satisfying customers needs leads to customer loyalty, and attraction of new potential clients which makes the revenues of a business to increase. Customer satisfaction also helps organizations gain competitive advantage in service delivery or production of goods. It is for this reason that both the manufacturing and the service industry are adopting the new trend of en...

The legal framework - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1266 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction An offer An invitation to treat A counter offer According to Un Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods applies, explanation for the rights and liabilities of the parties that involved Contract is an agreement of a two parties especially once it is written its enforced law. An agreement refers to a meeting of the minds. There is no magic language necessary to inform an agreement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The legal framework" essay for you Create order However, there is an offer must be made by a person to another and so acceptance. In other words, the sides (parties) of a contract must agree given basic terms in order to avoid any misunderstandings which come up after making contract. There are few factors for the existence of a contract. One of the basics is an offer and an acceptance of that offer. https://www.rothlawgroup.com An offer An offer can basically be illustrated as a clear statement of the terms on which a party (the offeror) is prepared to make a business with other party (the offeree). In other words making (by offeror) an offer is promising to do or not to do something which is depending on acceptance by other person (by offeree). An offer is perfomered by an offeror to an offeree. In contract, offer can be bilateral or unilateral; bilateral offer means two sides promise to each other, therefore contract made by agreement with respect of two sides (offeror and offeree) in other words, type of contract which requires agreement and performance from both sides (parties) to the contract. One party promises to do A and the other party promises to do B. Unsimilarly, unilateral contract occurs when only one side (party) makes an offer to another party and the other party might accept by action instead of by offering something back. For example, (bilateral offer situation) if somebody offers pound;20 to a person who will bring him a hotdog, a unilateral contract is formed when a person performs the condition and supplies him with a hotdog. https://uk.answers.yahoo.com To ensure that made offer is legal, it must include all 3 points shown below: Stated terms must be shown clearly Intention to make a business Communication of that intention Once an offer is made by the party, it might: Lapse; Rejected; A counter-offer may be made, which automatically rejects the offer preceding it. These events are important in the context of contract disputes as it is the order of events that determines the extent of any contractual relationship between the parties in the circumstances. An invitation to treat An invitation to treat is an action calling or inviting other parties to make an offer to form a contract. Its sometimes might be a bit difficult to determine that invitation to treat may appear as an offer itself. Invitation to treat can include advertisements, which allows sellers to refuse to sell products at prices mistakenly marked. In some specific ways, advertisements can also be considered offers. Sometimes auctions can be invitations to treat as it gives seller choice of choosing the offer and accept the bid that is offered. However, if the seller notices that the price has not reached up to a price that was expected, auction accepts the offer with the highest price. An invitation to treat is not exactly an offer but a suggestion of a consumers willingness to make a contract. In Harvey v Facey case, suggestion by the landlord of property that he or she might be curious about selling her or his property at a certain price, for example, has been focused as an invitation to t reat. The courts have tended to take a consistent approach to the identification of invitations to treat, as compared with offer and acceptance, in common transactions. The display of goods for sale, whether in a shop window or on the shelves of a self-service store, is ordinarily treated as an invitation to treat and not an offer. The holding of a public auction will also usually be regarded as an invitation to treat. A counter-offer If an offer is rejected is ceases to exist. If offerees then change their minds and try to accept, they will in contractual terms be making a new offer. The same result is achieved by a counter offer. This is an attempt to vary the terms of the existing offer to get more favourable terms, like a price reduction. Hyde vs. Wrench (1840) The defendant offered to sell his farm for pound;50000. The claimant at first said that he would pay only pound;45000, but after a few days said he would pay the full price. He heard nothing from the defendant. It was held that there was no contract between the parties: the defendant had not accepted the offer from the claimant, who had destroyed the defendants original offer by his counter offer of a reduced price. The claimants subsequent statement that he would pay the asking price could not revive the original offer. It was a new offer which the defendant never accepted. If the offeree, while not accepting an offer, asks for further inform ation, or tests out the ground to see if further negotiation is possible, this is not treated as a counter offer; it, thus, does not destroy the offer. Law for business students Alix Adams; fourth edition; p53, 2006 An offer made in response to a previous offer by the other party during negotiations for a final contract. Making a counter offer automatically rejects the prior offer, and requires an acceptance under the terms of the counter offer or there is no contract. According to United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods there are factors about contracting between seller and buyer at Part 2 articles between articles 14 and 24 which are shown below: An offer to contract must be addressed to a person, be sufficiently definite that is, describe the goods, quantity and price and indicate an intention for the offeror to be bound on acceptance.Note that the CISG does not appear to recognise common law unilateral contracts but, subject to clea r indication by the offeror, treats any proposal not addressed to a specific person as only an invitation to make an offer.Further, where there is no explicit price or procedure to implicitly determine price then the parties are assumed to have agreed upon a price based upon that generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances. Generally, an offer may be revoked provided the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer or before the offeree has sent an acceptance. Some offers may not be revoked, for example when the offeree reasonably relied upon the offer as being irrevocable.The CISG requires a positive act to indicate acceptance; silence or inactivity are not an acceptance. The CISG attempts to resolve the common situation where an offerees reply to an offer accepts the original offer but attempts to change the conditions. The CISG says that any change to the original conditions is a rejection of the offer it is a counter-offer unless the modified terms do not materially alter the terms of the offer. Changes to price, payment, quality, quantity, delivery, liability of the parties and arbitration conditions may all materially alter the terms of the offer. References: https://www.rothlawgroup.com https://uk.answers.yahoo.com Law for business students Alix Adams; fourth edition; p46, 2006 https://www.4lawschool.com/ Law for business students Alix Adams; fourth edition; p53, 2006

The Human Organ Market - 1324 Words

The Human Organ Market Over the past decade the number of patients in need of an organ transplant has increased dramatically. The shortage of organs each year increases the number of patients on the waiting list and has deprived many people from a new life. There are over 100,000 Americans on the waiting list and overage 19 people did each day from the lack of an organ transplant (Abouna 1). Between the years 1988 to 2006, the number patients in need for a transplant has increased times six (Abouna 2). Creating a potential organ market in the United States will offer an effective solution to the organ shortage crisis. It is important to understand that there are organs that a person can live without and does not have significant†¦show more content†¦Why would they donate their healthy organs without compensation? Some people will like the idea of signing a paper stating that their healthy organs upon death can used for sales purposes and the money can be given to their dictated family members. The fact there is a reward for one’s organ is more appealing and many people will sign up without thinking too much. Many economists such as Gary Becker and Julio Jorge Elias believe that the monetary incentives will increase the supply of organs and thus improve the economy (Dubner 5). Unfortunately, the United States does not allow any form of price reward to organ donors. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 which prohibits the sale of organs (Hippen 6). Apparently, the U.S supports dialysis treatments which in the long run will negatively affect the economy due to their high cost (Hippen 3). Voting to eliminate the Organ Transplant Act of 1984 is the first and most effective way of establishing a new organ market. Not only will it help the community financially speaking buy it will save so many lives. People should be educated about the organ market system that could potentially revolutionized the economy and most important, save lives. Moreover, the vendor system will also increase the number of organs form the healthiest individuals and reduce the possibility of mistakes in surgical procedures due to organ failure. Estrada 4 Professionals who are performing the organ transplant can have lessShow MoreRelatedFree Market For Human Organs1329 Words   |  6 PagesFree Market for Human Organs This paper introduces the consequences of allowing a free market for human organs and how it will help alleviate the shortage for such items, which has arisen a social problem worldwide, giving entry to black markets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs hasRead MoreEconomic Analysis Of A Human Organ Market2194 Words   |  9 Pagesof a Human Organ Market Human organs have been transplanted for many years. There are currently 123,940 people waiting for an organ in order to get their transplant. Of that vast number, around 18 people die each day waiting for an organ (â€Å"Why Organ, Eye, and Tissue Donation?† n.d.). There has been some issues with human organ transplants whether it is ethical or not. Another view on transplantation is to create a market for organs. With the increasing number of people in search for an organ in orderRead MoreCausal Argument Paper On The Human Organ Black Market1274 Words   |  6 PagesCausal Argument Paper on the Human Organ Black Market â€Å"The measure of a life, after all, is not its duration, but its donation.† (Corrie Ten Boom) As living creatures our organs are a very vital detail into who, what we are and how we work. We would not be able survive well and live our lives to the fullest that we possibly can, if we did not have them. Organ donation is a very important thing, whether it is just a kidney to be a live donor. Or giving it all when life is over and a new chapter beginsRead MoreBlack Market Organ Trafficking : The Illegal Act Of Exchanging Human Organs Or Tissues At An Agreed Price Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesBlack market organ trafficking Organ trafficking deals with the illegal act of exchanging human organs or tissues at an agreed price. This practice involves mafia networks that collect organs from dead or living persons. A majority of people involved in this illicit business are poverty stricken and so, they see it as a promise of a brighter future. While the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined strict rules, imposed ethical standards along with the absence of any monetary compensation, theRead More‚Äà ºAn international market in human organs is not only inevitable but also desirable.‚Äà ¹ Discuss.2461 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"An international market in human organs is not only inevitable but also desirable.† Discuss. Over the last few decades the advances made in the fields of surgical technology have led to an increase in the number of people comfortable with having an organ transplant. Every year, thousands of people, from around the world, are being added to the waiting list to receive organs. Even though the number of people willingly to donate their organs has increased due to the constant campaigns made byRead MoreSale And Sale Of Human Organs1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay, I will argue that the establishment of a market for the sale and purchase of human organs would be morally unjustified. For the purposes of this paper, my argument will allow for the term â€Å"market† to be used in its literal, physical sense, as describing a public location for commercial interaction, as well as in reference to the concept of â€Å"the market† in regards to a general domain of economic activity, in this case involving organ selling. In such a manner, we can avoid possible contenti onRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Organs1564 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through theRead MoreIllegal Sale Of Human Organs1031 Words   |  5 PagesSale of human organs have been illegal in the U.S. since the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 was established, but illegal sale of organs still exist on the black market. The black market is where desperate wealthy people can make contact with unscrupulous greedy criminals to secure themselves a kidney or any other type of human organ they may need. The idea that a person’s organ can be purchased online or through a dealer like a car is unethical and objectionable. Potential causes for the thrivingRead MoreTrade Of Human Organs : Is It Ethical?1107 Words   |  5 PagesTrade of Human Organs - Is it Ethical? Over the last few decades, the number of patients on organ waiting lists in the US has continued to soar way above the number of organ donor. In some cases, patients have died waiting for organs from donors. According to available statistics, more than 100,000 patients are in the US transplant list waiting for organ donors. On the other hand, only 20% of these patients are likely to receive a legitimate organ donor and the fate of the other 80% lies in the balanceRead MoreThe Ethical And Medical Controversy1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe argument regarding the selling of organs on the black market has been an ethical and medical controversy for decades. The problems that exists ethically is to be believed that putting a price on a human organ is materialistic, people may go to extremes to donate a kidney, and the fear of the spread of infections or diseases. Although the fears are natural, mostly because people have always associated the black market with a negative connotation, the e thical fears out-weigh the idea that donating

Determinants of Health for Nutrition - Health - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDeterminants of Health for Nutrition, Health Aging. Answer: Individual determinants of health: Many of the authors have indicated time and time again at the predominance of various health determinants associated with the health care scenario. And the impact of these determinants is profound on determining the health status of the vulnerable populations. In this assignment, the vulnerable population chosen are the visually impaired and in order to explore and evaluate the health determinants for this population, red lotus model of health is selected. In this structure, the stem and roots of the plant are considered to be the construct of values and principles within the health promotional system [1]. Now, the first layer of petal structures of the health model is representative of all the kinds of environmental health determinants, where as the second petal layer of the model is representative of needs assessment for the vulnerable population. The third, fourth and fifth petal layer represents planning, implementation and evaluation respectively. The leaves of the model are rep resentative of sustainability practices, the stamens signify the biological and socio-economic status of the vulnerable population and lastly the pod represents the people and their health status. Considering biological factors, there are three key determinants, age, sex and genetics. According to the recent statistics, visual impaired-ness associated disabilities have been observed to be intricately linked with aging. Close to 500,000 Australians over 40 have been identified to live with some or the other kind of visual disability[2]. And despite of vision loss preventable the rate of the vision loss as a direct result of aging processes in Australia continues to increase. Based on the recent data published, there are close to 50% of the adults aged 40 or higher have been observed to develop AMD with growing age, 16% have been observed to lead to glaucoma, 5% to diabetic retinopathy and 22% to other cataract problems, all with growing age. Considering the gender related influence, the rate of women suffering from visual impaired ness is 64% of the total number of visually disabled in the world and the statistics for this data is no exception for Australia. A contributing fact or to this may be the fact that the men get twice as much accessibility to eye care services as women and it is heavily influenced by the social standing of the women in the rural and remote areas as well. Other, the genetic predisposition of visual loss is primarily for the aging population, whereas the children suffering from disabilities can also be influenced genetically. Both glaucoma and AMD have been identified as heavily genetically influenced visual disorders and the probability of this genetic disorders occurring also increases with growing age in the majority[3]. The next sector of determinants is the socio-economic influence of the visual disabilities; considering the income, the rate of vidual impaired- ness has been discovered to be higher than the high income background. In Australia, the socio-economic standing s crucially related with the percentage of visual disabilities, and it is reflected in the rate of prevalence of blindness in the aboriginal communities as compared to the non native individuals residing in Australia. According to the recent statistics, the native and economically background ethnic communities experience 6 times more vision loss and 3 times more visual impairment as compared to the rest of the populations[4]. A contributing factor to this might be the fact that low income is associated crucially with social status and accessibility to good lifestyle, healthy and hygienic living conditions and social privileges, the lack of a stable financial background therefore, interlinked with the rest of the variables limits t he chances of healthy living and increases the possibility of visual disability. Considering the last two sectors of determinants, cognitive determinants refers to the values, principles, thoughts and attitudes that affect the living conditions of visually impaired and how it contributes to the further deterioration of the their condition. It has to be mentioned in this context that there still is a significant level of discrimination and prejudices in society regrading the disabled and it restricts their right to good health and good living most times. There are various socio-cultural restrictions for the visually impaired population and their access to good health care, be it racial, gender or age-related or religious and ethnic prejudices[5]. As per the recent data, a vast majority of the visually impaired get inconsistent access to the Home and Community Care services for the visual aids and these socio-economic determinants are the major contributing factor leading to this. The last sector of determinants, the behavioural characteristics, physical, mental, a nd spiritual contribute significantly to the health and wellbeing of the visually impaired. The lack of compassion and support in the behaviours of the family, care environment and the rest of the society has been detected to be the underpinning reasons behind the lack of self worth and self esteem in the visually impaired individuals[6]. Discussion of the contribution of determinants: Considering the physical environment of the individuals, it has to be understood that the aging population dealing with visual disabilities are twice as likely to experience falls, and along with that they are much more likely to face lack of social independence and thrice as likely to develop depression. The lack of supportive care services in the demographic imparts a significant detrimental effect on their basic health and wellbeing. Considering the demographic data of build environment, it has to be mentioned that there is no certain national policy services or program dedicated to people older than 65 and dealing with visual impaired and this blatant negligence is also reflected on the restrictions that the visually impaired face, be it educational institution, occupational sector or residence area[7]. Considering the influence of the social determinants, it must not escape notice that the depression rates in the aging population with visual disabilities is thrice as higher in A ustralia as compared to the rest of the populations, and the rate of deoresion is even higher with people aged 65 and higher. The lack of societal support and compassion and the predominance of social rejection and discrimination is the most influential contributing factor. Considering the impact of economic environment, the lack of financial stability affects the lifestyle, nutritional patterns and health literacy and awareness, the lack of which is heavily linked to the deteriorating visual impairments with growing age. Along with that, the cost for vision loss prevention an adequate health care services for the visually impaired as estimated in Australia is close to $16000, a out of pocket amount that the socio-economically backward classes cannot afford and hence the health condition continues to escalate for the visually disabled. Lastly, considering the political impact on the health status of the disabled, it has to be understood that there is a gaping lack of attention towards improving the life visually disabled, and that is reflected conspicuously in the lack of any national policy of the visually impaired over the age of 65. There are no considerable efforts from the government towards the implementation of advanced treatments like bionic eye treatments, laser therapies and furthermore, the costs for what basic treatment is available for the visually disabled is obstinately expensive and completely out of reach for the aging population who are the majority vulnerable population for visual impaired-ness. Social justice and Ottawa health chart: The effect of the determinants on health cannot be denied and that is reason why a variety of different model of health have been Identified to overcome the detrimental effect of the determinants and facilities Health Promotion to improve the life of the vulnerable population. It has to be understood that Social Justice can only be implemented when is in every individual of the society has equal rights towards good health and wellbeing, However, unfortunately the disabled available population often restricted from these basic human rights[8]. According to the health promotional model of Ottawa charter that has been developed to address each and every Health Care needs on a global scale, a few strategies can be developed which can be the solution for rising discriminative and disparities for health and wellbeing in the vulnerable population of disabled. According to the first area of action of the Ottawa charter, building healthy public policy can be the first strategic initiative in order to improve the health and wellbeing of the vulnerable population. However, care should be taken by the national authorities to maintain the optimal inclusiveness of the policies, so that no age group will be left out of the coverage of the policies and each age group can have the benefits equally[9]. The next strategy will involve the principle of creating supportive environments from the Ottawa charter, it has to be understood that there are many restrictions prevalent in both natural and build physical environment, and therefore there is need for ergonomically designs and constructs that will promote better health and wellbeing of the visually disabled. Considering the care environments, there is a significant lack of advanced treatments that are economic and accessible by the majority of selected vulnerable population. Bionic eye treatments, laser therapies and visual disability care services need to be made easily accessible for all the age groups of visually disabled. Lastly, as mentioned in the Ottawa charter, strengthening community action is prerequisite promotional strategy, as without compassionate effort from all the sectors of the entire community there cannot be improvement in the lifestyle of the visually disabled. Therefore, there is need for awareness programs arranged by national authorities so that community as a whole understand the care needs of the visually disabled and can participate with co-operation and compassion so that visually disabled individuals can be included in the society as well[10]. Future implications: It can be stated that success of the strategies discussed are circumstantial, due to the presence of the key external and internal variables that potentially alter the effect of the determinants. Therefore, the future implications of the strategies devised will also rely on honest effort and cooperative participation from all the key stakeholders involved with this condition[11]. We must not overlook the fact here that there are various environmental restrictions associated with visual disability; and it being a sensory disability the prejudices regarding the viability and validity of visually disabled are magnified as well. However, these strategies can be a strong initiatives attempted to improve the living standards and health status of visually impaired and tesetratgeies will be able to lay the foundation based on which the health status of visually impaired population can be improved drastically, regardless of age, gender or other socio-cultural variables[12]. References: Steinman BA, Vasunilashorn S. Biological risk of older adults with visual impairments. The journal of nutrition, health aging. 2011 Apr 1;15(4):296-302. Schlvinck AF, Pittens CA, Broerse JE. The Research Priorities of People with Visual Impairments in the Netherlands. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness. 2017 May 1;111(3). Tutuncu O, Lieberman L. Accessibility of hotels for people with visual impairments: from research to practice. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness (Online). 2016 May 1;110(3):163. Brooks GI, DiNitto DM, Schaller J, Choi NG. Correlates of substance dependence among people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness (Online). 2014 Sep 1;108(5):428. Shaw B, Coyle A, Gatersleben B, Ungar S. Exploring nature experiences of people with visual impairments/Vivir la naturaleza con una discapacidad visual. Psyecology. 2015 Sep 2;6(3):287-327. Leissner J, Coenen M, Froehlich S, Loyola D, Cieza A. What explains health in persons with visual impairment?. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2014 May 3;12(1):65. Bourne RR, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Kempen JH, Leasher J, Limburg H, Naidoo K. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2017 Sep 1;5(9):e888-97. Cupples ME, Hart PM, Johnston A, Jackson AJ. Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness. BMJ. 2012 Jan 30;344:e542. Tracie Harrison PhD, R.N., Guy, S., Walker, J. and Pound, P., 2012. A study of the health literacy needs of people with visual impairments.Research and theory for nursing practice,26(2), p.142. Schliermann R, Heydenreich P, Bungter T, Anneken V. Health-related quality of life in working-age adults with visual impairments in Germany. Disability and rehabilitation. 2017 Feb 27;39(5):428-37. Foxlin SC. Designing for people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness (Online). 2014 Jul 1;108(4):342. Wahl HW. The psychological challenge of late-life vision impairment: concepts, findings, and practical implications. Journal of ophthalmology. 2013 Apr 17;2013.

TV Could you be without it free essay sample

No, I probably could not live without it. Reasoning: Most people get lots of information from TVs, such as news and shopping. Also, for some people, if they have digital cable. You can look for houses, fitness shows, cooking shows, and some even have dating channels. Evidence: Many people do look at some of these houses on the TV and they sometimes buy them. And also my Dad bought my Mom a ring off of one of the jewelry shopping channels and she received it the other day. Counterpoint: Some readers may disagree because you could still live without TV but most people have grown so attached to it that it would be hard to take it away Could You Be Without T.V.? Are you someone who someone who watches a lot of T.V.? I know I am, but have you ever thought about life without T.V.? Without all of the drama? The romance? The horrors or the comedies? This was never a thought of mine until today. Now that I think about it, our world probably not be able to make it through without TV. I mean, with all of the technologies that we use today, our TV’s are one of the most important to us. T.V. is one of the most used technologies around the world. No matter where you are in the world, most people are watching T.V. This technology has become to be a necessity to many people. TV’s are use to watched shows and/or movies. Also, they are used to shop for things such as jewelry, clothing, cosmetics, and other things used outside and inside of homes. You can buy most of anything except food from ordering off of television. Secondly, people that own businesses and/ or work at businesses make money because of T.V, advertisements. As you probably have seen, most companies advertise what they are offering or selling in advertisements on T.V. Once people see these advertisements on T.V. and they like what they are seeing, they are most likely going to go consider taking the company up on their offer. This makes business better for the companies. For example, Kentucky Fried Chicken has advertisements on family deals all of the time. Most of the time, these deals are at a reasonable price. If you have a big family who likes to eat chicken, Nine out of 10 you are most likely going to go to KFC and buy the family because of its reasonable price. The same thing applies to other restaurants and companies. Now, I know that many people will agree with me and some may not, but everyone’s opinion will be different. I, personally, could probably live without T.V. physically, but mentally I might not be the way I should be. I think that it would be possible for people to live without T.V. it would just take more time for some to cope and adjust without it that it would for others.

Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay

Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay Erin Nolan Mrs. Deaton AP English Language and Composition 9/29/14 Town History lefttopLoganville, Georgia is one of those small country towns that people tend to pass through rather than stay behind in. The Population is around eight thousand but it continues to grow. Back in the 1800's one farmer owned all of Loganville as a single plantation and it was only after he began to sell his land that it began to form a community. As its population peeked to five hundred a railway was established by the Georgia Carolina and Northern Railroad in 1898. This new railway would operate along a ten mile line between Loganville and Lawrenceville, GA. It's name was the LL Railroad. The artwork above can be found in the town library on Main Street at 363 Conyers Rd Loganville, GA 30052. Framed along one of the walls you can see the simple sketching of a small locomotive that played a key role in Loganville's early progression as an established city. The artist, Steve Story, was one of the engineers that helped to build and maintain the train. He used what appears to be an ebony pencil and simple cardstock to draw out the body of the train. Thin lines and precise shading outline and etch detail in the drawing so that no minor part of the train is left unknown. The grainy and smooth texture indicates the pencil and the shading technique of the artist. It also indicated the purpose of the drawing which was to either plan out how the train was to be build or how it was to

Assignment Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment - Math Problem Example The multiple regression analysis helps in examining relationship between one continuous dependent variable with one or more continuous independent variables. The regression analysis uses numeric data for analysis. In the field of public affairs, a researcher usually has to study various variables to quantify effect of one variable to other. In the case researcher does not include other factors affecting a particular variable it would lead to a particular bias known as ‘omitted variable biases. Multiple regression analysis helps in removing this bias by dealing with large number of explanatory variables. The study of these variables helps in asserting hypothesis wrong or vice-versa. This helps in identifying and generalizing the research findings for a larger population. The sample size needs to be sufficient for the analysis. The t-test or ANOVA is used with the data where variables are categorical and continuous. The mean scores of the groups are compared in order to understan d the difference between the groups. In the case of public affair, this analysis helps to test the probability differing two means. The correlation studies help in conducting rigorous research that can be done in order to understanding the nature of relationship between the variables. The correlation study helps in testing the validity of the research. The paired variables are linked with each other. The scatter plot produced to graphically present the correlation of a variable with the help of a linear line. The more is the gap between points from the straight line, the higher will be the weakness of relationship between those two variables. The direction refers to the slope of the scatter point. The variables can be in positive or negative relationship. The difference in one variable will have corresponding changes in the other variable. The positive correlation provides us information about the nature of change towards one another. The negative correlation shows that the change i s opposite direction. The correlation method is an appropriate method to examine the relationship of meaningful data. The data should be quantifiable. The correlation cannot be examined using categorical data. The correlation and regression studies are used for testing hypothesis and determining cause-and-effect relationships. The associated variables are studied for the association and the nature of association. There are various benefits of correlation test. This can help in predicting and helps in validating. This is a reliable method and helps in verifying theory. The Pearson coefficient is used when the variables are continuous. This requires one independent and one dependent variable. For example if there is a need to study the level of awareness of a social-environmental sustainability programs among different genders and its relation with success of program in particular geographic region. The level of awareness and the difference of awareness among the population can be und erstood by the correlation study. The regression analysis will help in identifying if the level of awareness was linked to the level of success of program. The t-test can help in accepting or rejecting the hypothesis that success of progra

Evaluate the book Fast Food Nation, arguing its value (or lack of Essay

Evaluate the book Fast Food Nation, arguing its value (or lack of value) for a specific group of citizens of the United States - Essay Example This paper aims to evaluate this book and determine whether it contains or lacks value to a specific group of citizens in the US. The US fast food industry started after the Second World War when the country came out of the Great Economic Depression. These times saw the country experience an economic boom that led to massive gains on all fronts of the economy. More jobs were created by the many industries, factories and corporations that were founded on the basis of this economic boom. This led to urbanization, which was characterized by people moving from rural areas to urban centers where there were job opportunities. The lifestyle in the city necessitated for there to be a system that could offer fast food services to the busy metropolitan population. This was because lifestyle, in cities, did not allow a lot of time to be spent on meals at the expense of working hours. Thus, the fast food industry was borne, out of this necessity, to offer fast and convenient food services and de livery to consumers on the go due to time constraints (Talwar 58). The book offers valuable lessons, insights and information, to parents, which enable them to make informed choices about the source of food they allow their children to consume. The information contained in the book can help parents realize the detriments of fast food in the diet of their children. U.S. parents are given insights on how to recognize marketing gimmicks and ploys that are aimed at ensnaring their children onto fast foods. They can use this newly gained information to protect their children form advertising campaigns directed at their children. Apart from the negative impact that fast foods have on health, which the book does not keenly elaborate on, there other crucial features in the book that are important. The use of marketing campaigns directed at children poses a significant risk to children. According to Schlosser, this is in the sense that it serves as a form of indoctrination because it leads t hese children to becoming lifetime loyal customers. This is despite the fact that habitual consumption of fast food meals is a key causative agent for a myriad of health problems. This advertising predisposes children to becoming loyal customers who are blind to the detrimental benefits of fast food meals (Nestle 208). Fast Food Nation provides vital information, to parents, which is utilized to shield the innocent minds, of children, from advertising that might have an impact on the rest of their lives. The chapter about the chemical compounds used, by fast food companies, to flavor their food stuffs offers crucial information that can be used by health professionals. The book gives an account of some chemical food additives with known harmful implications that are used to give these food stuffs that unique taste. These substances are used to give fast foods their unique aroma, taste and appearance so that they are appealing and attractive to their customers. Some of these chemical substances have recognized abilities to promote the development of diseases and conditions like diabetes and cancer. The impact of these chemical substances is especially magnified if consumed for a long time from a tender age. This is because these chemicals build up in the body, raising their concentrations to levels that can cause toxicity. The effects of these chemicals can have far-reaching effects that can last through generations where damage

James Joyce Essay Example for Free

James Joyce Essay In James Joyces Ulysses readers encounter Stephen Dedaluss search for identity a search which will be present through the entire narrative. At the heart of Ulysses is Stephens relationship with his mother. Stephen describes both the real mother who reared him and is now dead and an imagined mother serving as a symbol who is a product of Stephens consciousness having fear and anxiety (Hill 329). Mother love is idealized by Stephen in Ulysses: â€Å"Amor matris,† says Stephen, â€Å"subjective and objective genitive, may be the only true thing in life† (207). The concept of â€Å"amor matris,† or mother love, shows the magic power of the mothers fertility. Motherhood is the only fact of life about which Stephen is confident. A mother’s love, the dyadic relationship in which the mother and child are inseparable, however, Stephen experiences only nostalgically. He attempts to articulate it, when it is over. Thus Stephen’s fantasy of a selfless love is marked by a sense of loss. Main Body Although Stephen has buried his mother, she subsequently appears as a ghost. With his own mother dead, it is normal for Stephen to direct his attention sooner or later to Molly Bloom, the Magna Mater presiding over Ulysses. But Molly is something more than a mere person which serves in place of real mother. She symbolizes the sinful flesh, the claims of nature, and human love. Stephens attraction toward her is symptomatic of his disillusionment with all forms of patriarchal pressure (political authority and the Old Testament). She is like a moral goal towards which he is drawn as a result of his opposition to the church. As Murray explains: â€Å"If a man, who believes somehow in the reality and ultimate worth of some religion of gentleness and unselfishness, looks through the waste of nature to find support for his faith, it is probably in the phenomena of motherhood that he will find it first and most strikingly†(Goldberg 36). For Stephen the pain is very strong by the fact that his mother is dead. She has left him alone. She has taken with her his assurance of being related to the world and to himself. She has left the terrible anxiety about his loss. Moreover, she became the â€Å"ghostwoman† who appears to Stephen in the dream of death that lives in his memory throughout the day, together with memories and reflections about the mother in life. Added to his uneasiness about the psychic separation that is necessary for his growth into manhood is the hopeless realization that there is no physical woman to take the mothers place: â€Å"She, she, she,† he says repeatedly in â€Å"Proteus,† â€Å"What she? † (426). As Stephen comes intermittently into focus through the text, so does as much again in strength the problem of the loss of his mother and his necessity for a woman to take her place. The Stephens persistent idea with his dead mother is lightened at times by tenderness, but gradually is darkened by feeling of distress, anger, and offence over the relationship. Stephens memories of his mother start in â€Å"Telemachus† with the recall of his periodic dream of her in her â€Å"loose brown graveclothes† (103-4), which draws from him his initial plea for release – â€Å"let me live. † Stephens reflection to the memories of his mother in life and in death vibrates at the beginning between the desire for separation and the desire for continuous dependence, and his plea for release in â€Å"Telemachus† – â€Å"No, mother! Let me be and let me live† (279). In order to become capable of giving immortality to his life, in art, Stephen must first become a man. This requires a rebirth, not through the spirit, as it is in religion, but like the birth from the mother, occurring through the flesh of the loved woman: â€Å"in womans womb. † Stephen considers this rebirth seriously. At the end, Stephen is reborn in the text. This rebirth is textually completed at the middle of â€Å"Ithaca,† when Bloom opens the garden gate for Stephen, and a birth image includes meanings of the pun on â€Å"in womans womb. † Bloom inserts a â€Å"male key† into â€Å"an unstable female lock,† to reveal â€Å"an aperture for free egress and free ingress† (215-19). This is the â€Å"rebirth into a new dimension† and is also Stephens participation in the incarnation of the artist (Goldberg 96). Stephens image in â€Å"Telemachus† of his mothers â€Å"glazing eyes, staring out of death, to shake and bend my soul. . . . to strike me down† (273-76), brings from him the most dramatic raising of the terrible mother. â€Å"Ghoul! Chewer of corpses! † (278) is a manifestation of rejection which is definitely confirmed in ‘Circe† at the appearance of The Mother. Stephens mother shelters and nurtures her son with her body, her blood, her â€Å"wheysour milk,† who saves him from â€Å"being trampled underfoot† by the outside world (141-47). This motif of interchange between the loving and horrible aspects of the mother, presented in the first two episodes of Ulysses, is repeated in moments of memory any time Stephens mother becomes present in the text, until in â€Å"Oxen of the Sun,† the birth chapter, Stephen describes his release from the mothers threat through his proposed appropriation, as an artist, of her sophisticated power: â€Å"In womans womb word is made flesh, but in the spirit of the maker all flesh that passes becomes the word that shall not pass away. This is the postcreation† (292-94). Haunted through the whole of the day by the memories of his mother in death and in life, Stephen has moved from his loneliness in the morning, coupled with his inner plea to his mother to free him – â€Å"Let me be and let me live† to this statement of purpose at the maternity hospital. And this statement leads to his claim to a creative power that is greater than that of the mother (Hill 329). In â€Å"Circe,† then, The Mother meets with Stephen directly as the terrible mother, in her â€Å"leper grey,† with her â€Å"bluecircled hollow eyesockets† in her â€Å"noseless† face, â€Å"green with gravemould† (156-60). And here in the brothel, Stephen releases from the mother. This release is necessary for Stephen to become the divine creator of his proclamation. The release is accomplished in the unconscious, which is the ruling principle of â€Å"Circe. † The conversation between mother and son in a fundamental manner repeats Stephens encounters with her memory in the daytime, more or less changed, but still with the same odd balance between the loving and the horrible that is associated with the conscious memories. For although The Mother brings with her a message of death – â€Å"All must go through it, Stephen. You too† (182-83) she contains powerful features of the loving mother. As Stephen frightfully denies responsibility for her death – â€Å"Cancer did it, not I† (U 15:4187) The Mother claims, â€Å"You sang that song to me. Loves bitter mystery† ( U 15:4189-90). This line from Yeatss ‘Who Goes with Fergus? † can be found in â€Å"Telemachus,† as Mulligan leaves the parapet, humming: And no more turn aside and brood Upon loves bitter mystery For Fergus rules the brazen cars. (239-41). The paradox found in â€Å"loves bitter mystery† colours The Mothers answer to Stephens plea, â€Å"Tell me the word, mother, if you know now. The word known to all men† (U 15:4192-93). Twice before Stephen has asked the same question in his thoughts about â€Å"the word known to all men†: in Proteus (435) and in â€Å"Scylla and Charybdis† (429-30). In all the episodes in which the question is asked, in only one is a clear answer given. The answer, actually, had never been in the published text of Ulysses until Hans Walter Gablers 1984 Critical and Synoptic Edition interpreted five lines in â€Å"Scylla and Charybdis (U 9:427-31) forty-three words, eleven of them in Latin (Deming 129). This text, restored to one of the most scrutinized carefully segments in Ulysses, the source of most liked quotations about art and life, about fathers and sons, about mothers and sons, described love as the â€Å"word known to all men† (Deming 129). Richard Ellmann, in his 1984 presentation address to the Ninth International James Joyce Symposium in Frankfurt, presented the audience with his own identification of the word known to all men as love, claiming that the word was â€Å"perhaps† death (Deming 129). Kenners position that it might be death is much more than clear in his 1956 Dublins Joyce, where he describes Dublin as ‘the Kingdom of the Dead† and characterizes Mollys final â€Å"yes† as â€Å"the Yes of authority: authority over this animal kingdom of the dead. † The mother thus becomes the image of the â€Å"bitter mystery. † The complete answer to the question Stephen asks about the â€Å"word known to all men† is not ‘love† or â€Å"death† but â€Å"love† and â€Å"death† for whatever is born of the flesh through love will die at the end (Goldberg 156). In â€Å"Circe,† The Mother answers to Stephens plea with a conflicting blending of the loving and the terrible mother. The Mother in â€Å"Circe† is not gentle. True, she gives evidences of her love for her sun amor matris in terms that echo Stephens own thoughts that his mother â€Å"had saved him from being; trampled underfoot† (146): â€Å"Who saved you? Who had pity for you? † (196). But when she asks for Stephens penitence, she becomes for him ‘The ghoul! Hyena! † (198-200). And as the Mother continues to present assurances of her love and concern – â€Å"I pray for you Get Dilly to make you that boiled rice. Years and years I loved you† (202-3) her simultaneous threat of â€Å"the fire of hell† brings from Stephen the words of appeal, â€Å"The corpsechewer! Raw head and bloody bones† (212-14), together with the echo in â€Å"Circe† of his rejection in ‘Telemachus†: â€Å"Ghoul! Chewer of corpses! (278). Up to this point in the meeting with The Mother, although mother and son communicate, they do not touch each other. But with Stephens frantic denial of The Mothers final demand for remorse, a crab unexpectedly appears, and mother and son touch through the crab. This â€Å"green crab with malignant red eyes,† although evidently autonomous, is nevertheless mysteriously, ambiguously connected with The Mother, who â€Å"raises her blackened withered right arm slowly towards Stephens breast with outstretched finger,† uttering, â€Å"Beware Gods hand! † as the crab â€Å"sticks deep its grinning claws in Stephens heart† (217-21). This crab is real, and at the same time â€Å"Cancer did it, not I† (187) has all features of a primary creature from the dark depths of Stephens unconscious. Stephens crab is not visible to others, and his inner creature is not certainly visible even to him. But the terrible ghost with whom both crab and dragon are connected remains for the reader and for Stephen himself Stephens mother (Hill 329). Even Stephen’s references to Mother Ireland, Cathleen ni Houlihan, are tinged with gender bias. Stephen betrayed his mother as well as Mother Ireland. In the early morning at the Martello tower, he connects the old milk woman with the Shan van Vocht, â€Å"silk of the kine and poor old woman† (403), but doubtfully recognizes that the â€Å"wandering crone’ serves the â€Å"conqueror and her gay betrayer [Mulligan]† (403-5). Unlike the patriots who glorify Mother Ireland, Stephen thinks of â€Å"Gaptoothed Kathleen, her four beautiful green fields, the stranger in her house† (184). Mulligan and Stephen at the Martello connect woman with nature: the â€Å"great sweet mother† (78) of the sea. â€Å"Our mighty mother† (85) is, as in case with the Romantic poets, nature (Rickard 215). Conclusion In Ulysses, there is Stephen’s misogyny. He realizes the significance of â€Å"womans place† in a mans life and in his sense of himself. Ulysses is, without doubt, typically a mans book. It begins and ends with the mother figures who complete the male artists self. The mother, who is the â€Å"first incarnation of the anima archetype† (330), enters Ulysses with young Stephen and stays with him throughout most of Bloomsday. Thus, in Ulysses, though there are not many women, Joyce has presented to readers in symbolic terms the important interdependence and complementarity of the man and the mother. Works Cited Deming, Robert H. James Joyce: The Critical Heritage. Vol. : 2. Routledge: London, 1997. Goldberg, S. L. The Classical Temper: A Study of James Joyces Ulysses. Chatto Windus: London, 1961. Hill, Marylu. â€Å"Amor Matris: Mother and Self in the Telemachiad Episode of Ulysses†. Twentieth Century Literature. Vol. 39, no. 3, 1993. Joyce, James. Ulysses. New York: Vintage, 1986. Rickard, John S. Joyces Book of Memory: The Mnemotechnics of Ulysses. Duke University Press: Durham, NC, 1999.

The Tragic Tale of Ophelia and Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature

The Tragic Tale of Ophelia and Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The common problem of lack of communication has plagued couples since the beginning of time. The relationship Hamlet and Ophelia share in Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is no more immune to these human tendencies. Throughout the drama, many misunderstandings cloud their relationship. Unspoken problems and pressures within Ophelia’s and Hamlet’s private lives lead to overlooked, unnoticed love. For Hamlet, his bond with Ophelia pales in comparison to the weight of the les talionis obligation thrust upon his soul. Ophelia faces trouble of a different nature. Having been raised to be very obedient to her father and to let him think for her, she is coerced into pushing Hamlet away and not giving into her love. It is the very lack of communication of these personal dilemmas between Ophelia and Hamlet that ultimately leads to Ophelia’s untimely demise and brings Hamlet to the verge of hysteria. In the beginning, Ophelia is first introduced as she is being warned by her brother, Laertes. He tells her to be wary of Hamlet, for his love for her may be short-lived and she is of unequal rank to him. Shortly afterward, Ophelia’s father, Polonius, joins in the crusade, but in a more forceful way. While treating her as if she was a child, he commands her to turn Hamlet away completely. After Ophelia tells him that Hamlet has expressed affection for her, Polonius replies, "Affection! pooh! you speak like a green girl / Unsifted in such perilous circumstance" (1.4.94-95). Thus Ophelia is torn in two different directions—love for Hamlet and obedience toward her father. Since she has been trained since birth, the desires of her father push all other notions aside, and she replies as she ofte... ...e / Whose violent property fordoes itself" stating that he believed Hamlet’s obsession with Ophelia was its cause (2.2.99-100). Finally, it is plainly established as Hamlet leaps onto Ophelia’s grave and declares his love for her. Their obvious love for each other is hidden, however, under a cover called lack of communication. While the couple is torn apart by forces beyond their control, they never tell each other, which leads to misunderstandings between them. To conclude, it is the very lack of communication in a relationship that can lead to misunderstandings that can obscure otherwise tight bonds. In Hamlet, Ophelia and Hamlet are a prime example of this and how it can lead to the ultimate misunderstanding—lost love. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. England in Literature. Eds. Helen McDonnell, et al. Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1982. 136-201.   

Nisbett Summary Essay

Main Points: Evidence shows that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Subjects are sometimes (a.) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, they do not do so based on any true introspection. Their reports are based on a priori, implicit casual theories or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. Although the evidence points that people are unable to use introspection in respect to cognitive processes, they may sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and plausible causes of the responses they produce. Notes: * Social psychologists routinely ask subjects in their experiments why they behaved as they did (i.e., why did you choose that graduate school) * Mandler, Miller and Neisser proposed that people may have no direct access to higher order mental processes, such as used in evaluating judgment, problem solving and behavior * Problems with new anti-introspectivist view: (1) Mandler, Miller and Neisser never stated that people have no direct access to higher order mental processes. Instead, the speculation is not based on research on higher order processes, such as â€Å"thinking,† but rather research on more basic processes of perception and memory. There is no conscious awareness of perceptual and memorial processes. (2) People readily answer questions about the reasons for his behavior or evaluations. Subjects usually appear stumped when asked about perceptual or memorial processes, but are quite able to describe why they behaved in such a manner or why they dislike a person. The refore, it would appear like people have some introspective access to a memory or the process involved. (3) The anti-introspectivist view does not allow for the possibility that people are ever correct about their higher order mental processes (intuitively unlikely that such reports are ALWAYS inaccurate). * Much of the evidence that casts doubt on the ability of people to report on their cognitive processes comes from a consideration of what was not published in that literature. A review of the nonpublic research leads to three conclusions: (1) subjects frequently cannot report on the existence of the chief response that was produced by the manipulation (2) even if they can report the existence of the responses, they do not report that a change process (evaluational or attitudinal response underwent any alterations) occurred (3) subjects cannot correctly identify the stimuli that produced the response. * Insufficient justification or dissonance research states if the behavior is intrinsically undesirable will, when performed for inadequate extrinsic reasons, be seen as more attractive if done for adequate reasons. For example, if people have done something unpleasant without adequate justification, it becomes painful – therefore, people will revise his opinion about the behavior in order to avoid the psychic discomfort * Attribution theory – people strive to discover the causes of attitudinal, emotional and behavioral responses (their own and others) and the resulting casual attributions are a chief determinant of a host of additional attitudinal and behavioral effects. For example, if someone tells us that he likes a horror film, our acceptance of the opinion is based on our causal analysis of the persons’ reasons for the evaluation – does he like movies, does he normally like horror films, etc. Insufficient-justification studies and attribution studies where the subject makes inferences about himself have employed behavioral dependent variables. Two studies are discussed, one regarding painful electric shocks and the other with snake-phobic subjects. In the one with the electric shocks, patients were subject to shocks and asked to learn a task. Those with insufficient justification justified taking the shots, by deciding that they were not that painful, so their evaluation of the painfulness of the shots was lowered and their physiological and behavioral indicators reflected this indication. In the second study, subjects underwent the attribution paradigm in which snake-phobic subjects were exposed to slides of snakes and a second slide that stated â€Å"shock† in which they were electrically shocked. As a result, the subjects learned that they were frightened of the shock slide because of the electric shock that accompanied it, but not frightened of the snake slides and realized that they may not be as afraid of snakes as they thought. They were armed with a new self-attribution of snake fearlessness. * Verbal stimuli in the form of instructions from the experimenter can result in a changed evaluation of the relevant stimuli and an altered motivational state, which are reflected in subsequent physiological and behav ioral events. Stimuli => cognitive process => evaluative and motivational state change => behavior change * There is a problem with the assumption that the subject consciously decides how he feels about an object and this evaluation determines his behavior towards it. Typically, behavioral and physiological differences are obtained in the absence of verbally reported differences in evaluations or motive states. * Three generalizations made about the electric shock and snake-phobic studies are: * No significant verbal report differences were found at all. * The behavioral effects were in most cases stronger than the verbal report effects * The correlation between verbal report about motive state and behavioral measures of motive state was found to be zero. Negative/zero correlation are difficult to understand/interpret in terms of the cognitive process involved. * Results from studies confounded the assumption that conscious, verbal cognitive processes result in conscious, verbalizable changes in evaluations or motive states which then mediate changed behavior. * Author provides evidence that casts doubt on the studies that find differences in the verbal reports of experimental and control subjects. There is an important difference between awareness of the existence of an evaluation (does not imply true recognition of the process induced by insufficient justification and attribution manipulations – they are not aware that a change has taken place in consequence of such manipulations) and awareness of a changed evaluation or motive state. An experiment was done in which people had to write essays opposing their own views. Subjects who were coerced into writing essays showed no change in evaluation of the topic. Those who were given insufficient justification or manipulated shifted their evaluations in the direction of the position they originally opposed. However, those who were given insufficient justification or manipulation reported that their attitudes towards the subject were no different after the essay than they were one week prior-this suggests that they were unaware that the evaluation has changed. * Thought process – a study is described in which a control group was subjected to electric shocks while the experimental group was given a placebo pill that reportedly helped with the electric shocks. The experimental group was able to take more shock. After the study, 9 out of 12 subjects stated that the pill did not cause some physical effects and that they were only worried about the shock. * The explanations that subjects offer for their behavior in insufficient-justification and attribution experiments are so removed from the processes that investigators doubt there is direct access to higher level cognitive processes. * Results of insufficient justification experiments could never be obtained if subjects were aware of the critical role played by the social pressure from the experimenter. If subjects realized that their behavior was produced by this social pressure, they would not change their attitudes. If people were aware of position effects on their evaluations, they would attempt to overcome these effects or counteract the influence (i.e., see below about helping someone in distress with many people around – may be more willing to help someone knowing that naturally people are less likely to help others with more people around). * The theory that people can respond to a stimulus in the absence of the ability to verbally report on its existence is more widely accepted now than years before. The new acceptance is due to (1) methodological innovations in the form chiefly of signal detection techniques and dichotic listening procedures and (2) persuasive theoretical arguments in regards to deriving the subliminal perception phenomenon from the notion of selective attention and filtering. An experiment was done regarding playing tone sequences into an attended and unattended auditory channel while subjects tracked a human voice in the attended channel. Subjects reported hearing nothing at all in the unattended channel. Subjects were unable to discriminate new from old stimuli at a level exceeding change, but preferred tone sequences previously presented to the unattended channel over novel stimuli. The conclusion is that affective processes are triggered by information that is too weak to provide verbal recognition. * Many more stimuli are apprehended than can be stored in short-term or long-term memory. Subliminal perception (we perceive without perceiving) can be derived as a logical consequence of the principle of selective filtering. We can perceive without remembering. The subliminal perception hypothesis: some stimuli may affect ongoing mental processes, without being registered in short-term memory or long-term memory. It also suggests that people may sometimes be unable to report even the existence of influential stimuli and, as reported by creative people (see next bullet point), this may frequently be the case in problem-solving. * How creative people (artists, writers, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers) speak about the process of production and problem solving: they state they are the first to witness the fruits of a problem-solving process that is almost completely hidden from conscious view. For these people, the y have no idea what factors prompted the solution and the fact that a process is taking place is sometimes unknown to them prior to the point that a solution appears in consciousness. * People are increasingly less likely to help others in distress as the number of witnesses or bystanders increases. However, subjects always claim that their behavior was not influenced by other people around them. * The authors performed a series of small studies to fill in the gaps from the other studies, choosing cognitive processes that were used routinely with minimal deception. The results were not as expected: most of the stimuli the authors expected to influence subjects’ responses turned out to have no effect, and many of the stimuli that the authors expected to have no effect turned out to be influential. Subjects were virtually never accurate in their reports – if the stimulus component had a significant effect on responses, subjects typically reported that it was noninfluential. * Erroneous reports about stimuli influencing associative behavior: 81 students in introductory psychology were asked to memorize a list of words that may target them towards a response. When asked if the words memorized affected them, they stated distinctive features of the product (Tide is the b est known detergent) rather than the words leading them to say Tide. They also did an awareness ratio for the target words – the results were that for some of the target words the subjects reported no influence and for others many more subjects reported an influence than were probably influenced. * Erroneous reports about the influence of an individual’s personality on reactions to his physical characteristics: A study, known as the halo effect, showed that the manipulated warmth or coldness of an individual’s personality had a large effect on rating of the attractiveness of his appearance, speech and mannerisms. Many subjects actually insisted that their feelings about the individual’s appearance, etc. had influenced their liking of him/her. * The studies discussed do not suffice that people could never be accurate about the processes involved. The studies indicate that introspective access as may exist is not sufficient to produce accurate reports about the role of critical stimuli in response to questions asked a few min utes or seconds after the stimuli have been processed or response produced. People often make assertions about mental events to which they may have no access and these assertions may bear little resemblance to the actual events. * Evidence indicates it may be misleading for social scientists to ask their subjects about the influences on their evaluations, choices or behavior – those reports may have little value. Observers who read reports from experiments reported similarly to how subjects themselves predicted how they would react to the stimulus situation (e.g., other people around would not affect their behavior) – therefore, since their reports are similar, it is unnecessary to assume that observers are drawing on â€Å"a fount of privileged knowledge† when they make their predictions on how they would act. * A Priori Casual theories may have any of several origins: * The culture of subculture may have explicit rules stating the relationship between a particular stimulus and a particular response (I came to a stop because the light changed) * The culture of subculture may supply implicit theories about causal relations (one particular stimulus may â€Å"psychologically imply† a particular response) – Jim gave flowers to Amy so she’s acting nice today. * An individual may hold a particular causal theory on the basis of empirical observation of covariation between stimuli of the general type and responses of the general type (I’m groggy today – I always get grouchy when I don’t break 100 in golf). However, it has been found that powerful covariations may go undetected when the individual lacks a theory leading him to suspect covariation and, conversely, that the individual may perceive covariation where there is none if he has a theory leading him to expect it. * In absence of a culturally supplied rule, implicit causal theory or assumption about covariation, people may be able to generate causal hypotheses linking even novel stimuli and novel responses. If the stimulus is connotatively similar to the response, then it may be reported as having influenced the response. * The authors state that they are not implying that a priori causal theories are wrong – verbal reports relying on such theories will typically be wrong because they are incorrectly applied in the particular instance. * Therefore, when subjects were asked about their cognitive processes, they may have done something that felt like introspection, but was only merely a simple judgment of the extent to which input was a representative or plausible cause of output. It seems like people, when interrogated about cognitive processes, resort to a pool of culturally supplied explanations for behavior or search through a network of connotative relations until they find an explan ation. * Criterion for awareness: should not be equated with â€Å"correct verbal report† but, instead, â€Å"verbal report which exceeds in accuracy that obtained from observers provided with a general description of the stimulus and response in question.† * Accuracy and inaccuracy in verbal explanations: Tversky and Kahneman proposed that a chief determinant of judgments about the frequency and probability of events is the availability in memory of the events at the time of judgment. Events are judged as frequent in proportion to their availability, and their availability is determined by such factors as the strength of the network of verbal associations that spontaneously call the events to mind. The representativeness and availability heuristics are undoubtedly intertwine in the appraisal of cause and effect relations. If a particular stimulus is not available, then it will not be adduced in explanation of a given effect, even thought it might be highly representative or plausible once called to mind. A second circumstance that decreases accuracy in self-report is a separation in time between the report of the actual occurrence of the process. If asked immediately after the occurrence about a cognitive process, the subjects are leas t aware of the existence of the effective stimuli at this point although here may be no direct access to process. Subjects have some chance of accurately reporting that a particular stimulus was influential. At a later point, the existence of the stimulus may be forgotten or the vagaries of memory may invent factors that were not there, and there would be little chance it would be correctly identified as influential. * Reports will be accurate when influential stimuli are (1) available and (2) plausible causes of the response and when (3) few or no plausible but noninfluential factors are available (if a stranger hits you, you respond afterwards that you do not like the person) * There is some evidence that when even relatively minor steps are taken to disguise the connection between stimulus and response, subjects will fail to report such a connection. * In general, people will be accurate in reports about the causes of their behavior and evaluations wherever the culture, or a subculture, specifies clearly what stimuli should produce which responses, and especially where there is continuing feedback from the culture or subculture concerning the extent to which the individual is following the prescribed rules for input and output. * It seems likely that there are regularities concerning the conditions that give rise to introspective certainty about cognitive processes. Confidence should be high when the causal candidates are (1) few in number, (2) perceptually or memorially salient, (3) highly plausible causes of the given outcome (especially where the basis of plausibility is an explicitly cultural rule) and (4) where the causes have been observed to be associated with the outcome in the past. * Confusion between content and process: an important source of the authors’ belief in introspective awareness is undoubtedly related to the fact that people do have direct access to a great storehouse of private knowledge. People do have access to a host of personal historical facts, they know the focus of their attention at any given point in time and have knowledge concerning his emotions, evaluations and plans superior to that of observers. Therefore, it is less surprising that people would persist in believing that they have direct access to their own cognitive processes. The only mystery lies in why people are so poor at telling the difference between private facts that can be known with near certainty and mental processes to which there may be no access at all. We are also often capable of describing intermediate results (or intermediate output) of a series of mental operations in a way that promotes the feeling that we are describing the operations themselves. For example, one psychology professor may state that they envisioned monkeys swinging from trees, which lead to finding a cord-swinging solution – however, it is scarcely reasonable to propose that such imagery was the process by which the problem was solved. * The authors argued that perceived covariation between stimuli and responses is determined more by causal theories than by actual covariation. There are probably some cases where individuals have idiosyncratic reactions to a particular stimulus that only have knowledge of. For example, a person may believe that he generally loathes strangers who slap him on the back and this belief may make him superior to observers in explaining his feelings in such a situation – however, the authors believe this situation is rare. * Occasionally, noninfluential stimuli may be more vivid and available to the individual than to an outside observer and thus the observer might sometimes be more accurate by virtue of disregarding noninfluential stimuli. * Another reason for the writers belief in introspective awareness stems from lack of feedback. Disconfirmation of hypotheses about the workings of our minds is hard to come by. If an insomniac believes that he is unable to get to sleep because of the stress of his life situation, he will always be able to find evidence supporting this view. * Final belief to sustain the writers’ belief in direct introspective awareness is motivational. It is naturally preferable for us to believe that we have access to the workings of our own mind. Conclusions: * People often cannot report accurately on the effects of particular stimuli on higher order, inference-based responses. Indeed, sometimes they cannot report on the existence of critical stimuli, sometimes cannot report on the existence of their responses, and sometimes cannot e even report that an inferential process of any kind has occurred. The accuracy of subjective reports is so poor as to suggest that any introspective access that may exist is not sufficient to produce generally reliable reports. * When people report on the effects of stimuli, they may base their reports on implicit, a priori theories about the casual connection between stimulus and response instead of discussing a memory of the cognitive process that operated on the stimuli. If the stimulus psychologically implies the response in some way or seems â€Å"representative† of the types of stimuli that influence the response, the stimulus is reported to have influenced the response. If the stimulus does not seem to be a plausible cause of the response, it is reported to be noninfluential. * Sometimes subjective reports about higher mental processes are correct, but these instances are not due to direct introspective awareness. Rather, they are due to the incdentially correct employment of a priori causal theories.